Chapter 8 Regional Aspirations

1. Name the three social and political regions of Jammu and Kashmir.
Ans. Jammu, Kashmir and Ladakh.
2. Who led the popular movement in the state of Jammu and Kashmir to get rid of the Maharaja?
Ans. It was led by Sheikh Abdullah of the National Conference .
3. Who was E.V. Ramasami Naicker.? Name the movement he started.
Ans. He was also known as Periyar, famous for his anti- caste struggle and the rediscovery of Dravid identity. He started the self respect movement , led the anti brahmin movement .
4. Which part of the country witnessed the Dravidian movement ?
Ans. Though it was started in the whole of South India, but the lack of support from other states limited the movement to Tamil Nadu.
5. Which party was formed out of Dravidian Movement?
Ans. DMK. Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam.
6. Which article of the Indian constitution gives greater autonomy to Jammu and Kashmir ?
Ans. Article 370.
7. When was Anandpur Sahib Resolution paased.? What was the main point of the resolution?
Ans. It was passed in 1973. The resolution asserted regional autonomy and wanted to redefine centre -state relationship in the country.
8. Did the Anandpur Sahib resolution find support among the  Sikh masses in Punjab?
Ans. The resolution had a limited appeal among Sikh masses.
9. In which year was 'Operation Blue Star ' was carried out. Who was the Prime Minister of India during that period?
Ans. It was carried out in June 1984.  Indira Gandhi was the Prime Minister of India during that period.
10. What is 'Operation Blue Star ' ?
Ans. It was a code name for army action in the Golden Temple. In this operation the government could successfully flush out the militants, but it also damaged the historic temple and deeply hurt the sentiments of the Sikhs.
11. What was Punjab Accord?
Ans. In July 1985, Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi reached an agreement with Harchand Singh Longowal ,  then the President of Akali Dal. It is also known as Longowal Accord.
12. When was Nagaland created as a separate state?
Ans. In 1960.
13. When was Meghalaya, Manipur and Tripura created?
Ans. In 1972.
14. In which year did Arunachal Pradesh and Mizoram become a separate state?
Ans. In 1986.
15. Which incident led to the formation of MNF Mizo National Front?
Ans. When the government of Assam failed to respond adequately to the great famine of 1959 in Mizo Hills , the Mizos' anger led to the formation of the Mizo National Front under the leadership of Laldenga.
16. When did the Assam movement take place?
Ans. The Assam Movement from 1979 to 1985, was against 'outsiders', mainly againt the illegal Bengali Muslim settlers from Bangladesh.
17. Whar was AASU?
Ans. All Assam Students ' Union, not affiliated to any party, led an anti- foreigner movement.
18. In which year did Goa become the state of the Indian Union?
Ans. In 1987.
19. When did Sikkim become a separate state of the Indian Union?
Ans. In the year 1975,  Sikkim became the 22nd state of the Indian .
20. What is Assam Accord?
Ans. An agreement was signed between Rajiv Gandhi and the AASU leaders  in 1985 to bring peace in Assam. This Accord changed the face of politics in Assam.

Chapter 7 Rise Of Popular Movements

1. In which part of the country did the Chipko movement begin?
Ans. In what is now called Uttarakhand region.
2. What was Chipko movement?
Ans. It was a novel way of protest, that of hugging the trees to prevent them from being cut down.
3. What are the various types of movements?
Ans. Movements may be party based or Non -party based movements. Popular Movements may be political or social movements .
4. Who are Dalit Panthers ?
Ans. It is a militant organisation of the Dalit youth ,was formed in Maharashtra in 1972 to assert their authority in various platforms.
5. What is BAMCEF?
Ans. Backward and Minority Communities 'Employees Federation .
6. Name the leading Kisan organisation in India.
Ans. Bharatiya Kisan Uniion.
7. In which part of India did the Anti- Arrack movement start?
Ans. It started in Nellore district of Andhra Pradesh.
8. What was Anti- Arrack movement ?
Ans. The women demanded a ban on the sale of alcohol in their neighbourhood.
9. What was Narmada Bachao Aandolan ?
Ans. A movement to save Narmada, opposed the construction of dams and questioned the nature of ongoing developmental projects in the country.
10. When did the Right to Information movement start and when was the RTI act passed?
Ans. The movement for RTI started in 1990 in Rajasthan and the law came into force in 2005.
11.What was Sardar  Sarovar Project?
Ans. The project consisted of 30 big dams, 135 medium sized dams and around 3000 small dams to be constructed on Narmada River.
12. Which states of India were to be covered under Sardar Sarovar Project ?
Ans. Madhya Pradesh,  Maharashtra and Gujarat.
13. What was Narmada Sagar Project?
Ans. It was multi purpose dam project in Madhya Pradesh.
14. What was the slogan of anti-arrack movement?
Ans. Prohibition on the sale of Arrack.
15. Did the anti- arrack movement  discussed any other issues as well ?
Ans. Yes. It discussed the issue of domestic violence, dowry,sexual abuse at work and public places and issues of gender inequalities.
16. Who are NFF?
Ans. National Fishworkers'  Forum.
17.Why did the Fishworkers fight against the government?
Ans. When the government 's deep sea fishing policy opened up India 's waters to commercial vessels and multinational companies, the Fishworkers protested against this policy.
18.In 1988 why did farmers protested outside district collector's office?
Ans. In January 1988, around twenty thousand farmers protested against the government decision to increase electricity rates. They gathered outside the office of district collector to protest.
19.In which year did the government pass a comprehensive law to prevent atrocities on Dalits?
Ans. In 1989, the government passed a comprehensive law that provided for rigorous punishment for committing any kind of atrocities on Dalits.
20. Name the amendment that provides reservation to women in local bodies.
Ans. The 73Rd and 74 th amendments have granted reservation to women in panchayats and municipal corporations 

Chapter 6 The Crisis Of Democratic Order

1. Why did the non Congress parties oppose the Congress?
Ans. The parties opposed to the Congress felt that politics was becoming too personalised and governmental authority was being converted into personal authority.
2. Who led the students movement in Gujarat in 1974?
Ans. Morarji Desai.
3. Who led the students movement in Bihar in 1974?
Ans. Jayaprakash Narayan.
4. Who led the Railway strike of 1974 ?
Ans. George Fernandes.
5. What was the decision of the Supreme Court in the case of Kesavananda Bharati ?
Ans. There are some basic features of the consttitution and the Parliament cannot amend these features.
6 In 1973 ,whose appointment as a Chief Justice became controversial ?
Ans. Justice A.N.Ray.
7. Why was Indira Gandhi 's election declared invalid?
Ans. A petition filed by Raj Narain, a socialist leader challenged the election of Indira Gandhi on the ground that she had used the services of government servants in her election campaign.
8.When was emergency declared in the country ?
Ans. 25 June 1975.
9. What are the implications of emergency under Article 352?
Ans. Once the emergency is proclaimed, the federal structure of the country remains suspended and all powers are concentrated in the hands of the Union government.
The fundamental rights of the citizens are curtailed or restricted during emergency .
10.Who was the President of India at the time of imposition of emergency ?
Ans. Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed.
11. Was the cabinet approval taken for imposition of emergency ?
Ans. No.The cabinet was informed about it at a special meeting at 6 a.m.on 26 June after the emergency was imposed.
12.When did the sixth Lok sabha elections take place?
Ans In 1977. Instead of 1976, as the elections were postponed due to emergency.
13. What was the nature of 1977 elections?
Ans. The 1977 elections turned into a referendum on the experience of  the emergency. The opposition fought election on the slogan of 'save democracy '.
14. What was the outcome of 1977 elections?
Ans. For the first time a non - congress government was formed at the centre. The Janata Party came to power.
15.What kind of government was formed by Janata Party?
Ans. It was a coalition government, Morarji Desai became the Prime Minister.
16. Did the Janata government complete its full term?
Ans. No. Due to internal competition the Janata Party split and the government could not complete its full term. The mid term elections were held in 1980.
17. What was the outcome of the election of 1980?
Ans. The Congress party led by Indira Gandhi repeated the great  victory of 1971.
18  When and why was Shah Commission appointed?
Ans. In May 1977, the Janata Party government appointed a commission of inquiry headed by justice J.C.Shah to inquire into the excesses and malpractices committed during emergency .
19. Whose alleged interference in the functioning of the government became controversial?
Ans. Sanjay Gandhi, younger son of Indira Gandhi gained control over the administration. His role in the demolitions and forced sterilisation in Delhi became controversial.
20. Which political party backed the Congress during emergency?
Ans. Communist party of India.

Chapter 5 Challenges to and Restoration of the Congress System

1. Why 1960s were labelled a dangerous decade ?
Ans. When unresolved problems like poverty,  inequality ,communal and regional divisions etc.could lead to disintegration of the country.
2. Who became the Prime Minister of India after the death of Jawaharlal Nehru ?
Ans. Lal Bahadur Shastri.. He was the Prime Minister from 1964-1966.
3.Name the famous slogan given by Shastri.
Ans. Jai Jawan Jai Kisan.
4. When was Tashkent Agreement signed?
Ans. It was signed in 1966 between Muhammad Ayub Khan and Lal Bahadur Shastri.
5. Name the two persons who contested for the post of prime minister after the death of Lal Bahadur Shastri.
Ans There was an intense competition between Morarji Desai and Indira Gandhi. This competition was resolved through a secret ballot among Congress MP.s
6. In which year did the fourth general / Lok sabha elections take place ?
Ans. 1967.
7. What is non - congressism?
Ans. The parties that opposed the Congress ideology and programmes got together to form anti Congress front. The socialist leader Ram Manohar Lohia gave this strategy the name of ' non- congressism '.
8. Why  did the political observers described the election results of 1967 as ' political earthquake '?
Ans. Though the Congress did manage to get a majority in the Lok Sabha ,  but  with its lowest tally of seats and share of votes since 1952.
9. Name some of the political stalwarts who were defeated in the election of 1967.
Ans. S.K.Patil, Kamraj, Atulya Ghosh, K.B.Sahay etc.
10. What is a coalition government ?
Ans. When no single party gets a majority, then two or more parties come together to form the government. Such government is called coalition government.
11.An important feature of the politics after 1967 was Defection. What do you understand by Defection?
Ans. It means an elected representative leaves the party on whose symbol he/ she was elected and joins another party.
12.Who were syndicates?
Ans. Syndicate was the informal name given to a group of Congress leaders who were in control of party' s organisation. It was led by K.Kamraj.
13. Who won the Presidential election of 1969?
Ans. V.V.Giri,, supported by Indira Gandhi.
14. When did Congress formally split?
Ans. In 1969. The Congress group led by Syndicate came to be known as Congress (Organisation) and the group led by Indira Gandhi came to be called as Congress  (Requisitionists). These two parties were also described as Old Congress and the New Congress.
15. Why did the fifth general election take place in 1971?
Ans. Indira Gandhi 's government recommended dissolution of  Lok Sabha in December 1970. That is why the fifth general election took place in 1971 instead of 1972.
16. Who were he main opponents of Indira Gandhi in the fifth Lok sabha election of 1971?
Ans. Grand Alliance
17.What were the slogans on which the 1971 election was contested?
Ans. Indira Gandhi tried to gather support through the slogan 'Garibi Hatao' and the Grand Alliance wanted 'Indira Hatao '.
18. What was the outcome of the fifth general election of 1971 ?
Ans. The Congress won with 352 seats and 48.4 percent votes.Thus the dominant position of the Congress was restored in Indian politics.
19.Who was the President of the Congress during the presidential election of 1969?
Ans. S. Nijalingappa.
20.What was the nature of new Congress?
Ans. Indira Gandhi restored the Congress System by changing the nature of the Congress System itself. The new Congress did not have the kind of capacity to absorb all tensions and conflicts that the Congress System was known for.

Chapter 4 India's external relations.

1 Which Directive principles of state policy deals with India's foreign policy?
Ans. Article 51 of the Indian constitution lays down some direcive principles on promotion of international peace and security .
2. Name the wars faced by India during 60s and 70s.
Ans. The Indo China war of 1962, The Indo -Pak war of 1965 and 1971.
3.Who was the first foreign minister of India?
Ans. Pt.Jawaharlal Nehru was both the prime minister as well as the foreign minister of India.
4.What were the three major objectives of Nehru's foreign policy?
Ans.a) to preserve the hard earned sovereignty
        b) protect territorial integrity
        c) promote rapid economic development
5. How did India manage to maintain distance from two camps ?
Ans. By pursuing the dream of a peaceful world by advocating the policy of non -alignment .
6.What was Afro-Asian conference?
Ans. It was held in the Indonesian city of Bandung in 1955,  also known as Bandung conference, led to the establishment of the Non Alignment movement.
7. When and where was the first NAM summit held?
Ans. In September 1961 at Belgrade.
8. What is Panchsheel agreement?
Ans. It was an agreement on five principles of  peaceful coexistence signed by the Indian Prime Minister Nehru and the Chinese Premier Zhou Enlai on 29 April 1954 to foster stronger relationship between the two countries.
9. In which year did China annex Tibet ?
Ans.  In 1950
10. Who was the defence minister of India during the Indo China war?
Ans.V.Krishna Menon. He had to leave the cabinet after the war.
11. How did Indo China war affect the opposition party?
Ans. The Communist party of India split in 1964 resulting in the formation of CPI(M)
12. When did India and China resume  normal relations?
Ans.It took more than a decade for India and China to resume normal relations.It was 1976 that full diplomatic relations were restored between the two countries.
13. When was the Indus waters Treaty signed?
Ans.The India -Pakistan Indus Waters Treaty was signed by Nehru and General Ayub Khan in 1960.
14. Name the person who made a secret visit to China via Pakistan in July 1971.
Ans. Henry Kissinger ,  the advisor to the U.S. president Richard Nixon.
15. In which year did India sign the Treaty of friendship with Soviet Union?
Ans. In 1971.This treaty assured India of Soviet support if the country faced any attack.
16. When was Shimla Agreement signed?
Ans. It was signed between Indira Gandhi and Zulfikar Ali Bhutto on 3 July 1972 to bring peace.
17. When did the Kargil war take place?
Ans.In May - June 1999.
18. Under whose guidance did India start its nuclear programme?
ans. Homi.J.Bhabha.
19. Why did India refuse to sign the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT)?
Ans. India always considered the Treaty discriminatory. It felt that the Treaty was selectively applicable to non nuclear powers and legitimised the monopoly of  the five nuclear weapons powers.
20. What has been India's foreign policy post 1990?
Ans.  India's foreign policy has shifted to a more pro-U.S.strategy.

Chapter 3 Politics of Planned Development

1. What is Bombay plan?
Ans. A section of big industrialists got together in 1944  and drafted a joint proposal for setting up a planned economy in the country. This was called a Bombay Plan
2.When was the first five year plan started ? Who was the economist involved in the making of this plan?
Ans. The first five year plan was started in 1951. K.N.Raj ,a young economist was involved in the making of the plan.
3.Under whose leadership was the second five year plan made?
Ans. P.C.Mahalanobis.
4.What was the main focus of first and second five year plan?
Ans. The first plan focussed on the development of agrarian sector including dams and irrigation and the second plan stressed on heavy industries.
5.Who gave the proposal on alternative blueprint that put emphasis on rural industrialization?
Ans.J.C.Kumarappa (original name J.C.Cornelius)
6.What kind of economic model of development did India adopt for planning?
Ans.Mixed economy
7.Which state of India was severely hit by the food crisis in early 60s?
Ans. Bihar,
8.What is zoning policy and when was it introduced?
Ans. It prohibited trade of food across states.It was introduced by the government during the food crisis in Bihar .This policy further reduced the availability of food in Bihar.
9.Why was Green revolution started in India?
Ans.In the wake of prevailing food crisis, the country was vulnerable to external pressure. So to reduce india's dependency on food aid, mainlyfrom U.S. Thus green revolution was started .
10.What is green revolution?
Ans. A new strategy for agriculture in order to ensure food sufficiency.
11. Who is known as 'Milkman of India '?.Name the cooperative started by him.
Ans. Verghese Kurien. Gujarat cooperative Milk and Marketing Federation Limited., that launched AMUL.
12.Name the Rural Development Programme started in 1970.
Ans.Operation Flood. It was the programme to assure the milk producers regular income throughout the year.
13. How many banks were nationalised in the late 1960s
Ans. Fourteen private banks.
14.Which body has replaced the planning commission of India?
Ans.NITI ayog in 2015
15. What is the full form of NITI ayog ?
Ans. National Institution for Transforming India .
16.When  and how was the planning commission set up?
Ans. It was set up in March  1950 by a cabinet resolution.
17.What is left and right ideologies in politics?
Ans. Left often refers to those who are in favor of the poor and downtrodden sections and support government policies that benefit the poor people. Rightist are those who believe in free competition and market economy and want less governmental interference in the economy .
18.What is known as Kerala model of planning?
Ans. It is a name given to the path of planning and development adopted by the state of Kerala .
19.Name the areas of focus in the Kerala model of planning.
Ans.Education,health, land reforms, effective food distribution and poverty alleviation.
20.Explain the term mixed economy.
Ans.It is a combination of free market economy and centrally planned economy. Both public and private sectors co-exist .Elements of both models -capitalst and socialist are taken and mixed together.